J ■ 1 




Copyright!^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



VARIETIES 



OF 



United States Cents 



OF THE YEAR 



17 9 4 

Described and Illustrated 



BS' 



Ed. Frossard and W. W. Hays 



Illustrated from the magnificent cent collection of E. Gilbert, Esqr., of New 

York City, and reprinted, with additional numbers, 

by Thos. L. Elder, of N. Y. City. 



THE ELDER NUMISMATIC PRESS 
32 East Twenty-third Street 
New York City. 



Copyrighted 1910. 



PRICE $2.50 PER COPY 



©CI.A283887 



• p 






S f? 



PLATE I 




2-3 





19-20 



21-22 



23-24 



25 




26-27 




ELDER PHOTOGRAPH— CENTS OF 1794 



PLATE III 




1-2-5 



3-4 




7-9-10-11 




24-157 



ELDER PHOTOGRAPH-CENTS OF 1194 



PLATE II 




32 



33-34 




35-36 







51 



52 




54 



55 



56 



57 




58 



59 



ELDER PHOTOGRAPH— CENTS OF 1794 



PLATE IV 




28-29-30 



31-41-59 





44-54-55 




ELDER PHOTOGRAPH-CENTS OF 1T94 



PREFACE 



In view of the growing interest shown by Americans in our 
National Coinage, it is taken for granted that a work treating 
exhaustively on an important division of the subject will be re- 
ceived with pleasure by collectors of United States coins. 

Among the regular series of the United States Mint, the ear- 
ly copper issues have always attracted the special attention of 
collectors. The remarkably appropriate and sufficiently diversi- 
fied designs, the relative abundance of the issues, and the varie- 
ties in dies have proved an attractive field of investigation, and 
will, no doubt, continue to absorb much of the attention of pres- 
ent and future collectors. 

The types and varieties of the 1793 Gents have formed the 
subject of several exhaustive treatises, and while two or three 
combinations of dies escaped the attention of the workers on the 
subject, it may be said that all are known and easily recognized. 

In the year 1794, only one type of Cents was issued at the 
mint, but a large number of obverse and reverse dies, slightly 
varying from each other, were used, leading, in an attempt at a 
correct classification, to the same perplexities which our north- 
ern neighbors met, when endeavoring to convey to a collector a 
correct and distinctive description of each of the famous Bou- 
quet or Sou Series. 

Thus far there have been at least three publications on the 
subject of 1794 Cents; of these, the first by Dr. E. Maris of Phil- 
adelphia, was unquestionably the best. References to it are still 
made by dealers and' collectors in catalogues and lists. 

Dr. Maris had the advantage of entering the field at a time 
when 1794 Cents were easily obtained, and his descriptions were 
from the coins themselves; hence his work, as far as it goes, is 
excellent and authoritative. But new varieties and combinations 
of dies have since been discovered both by himself and others. 
His list, therefore, while good so far as it goes, is no longer in 
touch with the requirements of advanced collectors. 



—5 



It is not asserted that the list herewith presented is com- 
plete, but it is believed that it comprises all the varieties enum- 
erated in former lists and that several additions of undescribed 
varieties have been made. The list also possesses the advantage 
of illustrating, by the photogravure, process, every variety de- 
scribed, a feature which but one of the former lists attempted, 
and that in part only. 

In presenting the result of a careful study of the subject, it 
is proper to state, that, in the arrangement, an endeavor has 
been made to follow, as nearly as possible, the probable order of 
emission of the die varieties at the U. S. Mint, beginning with 
those resembling the 1793 issue, continuing with those purely of 
the 1794 type, and ending with the varieties more closely re- 
sembling the 1795 issue. It has also beeu endeavored to make 
each description 80 complete in its details as to enable the collec- 
tor to distinguish each specimen, with or without the assistance 
of the plates. 

To do this with more facility, the salient, though often mi- 
nute characteristics which distinguish the greater part of the va- 
rieties are carefully noted; these once recognized, the work of 
identification and classification will be found comparatively easy. 

It is but just to my collaborator, Mr. Hays, the man through 
whose patience and perseverance a complete set of the 1794 Cents 
was collected, that the varieties in this new classification should 
bear his name. For this reason, it is desired that when referring 
to this work the varieties should be announced and known as 
Hays, No. 1, 2, 3, etc. 

Special thanks are due to Dr. Thomas Hall, Boston, Mass., 
Henry Phelps, Esq., Washington, D. C, and J. F. Anger, Esq., 
New York, for valuable advice and assistance. 

ED. FROSSARD. 

New York, January, 1893. 

Note as to The Piates. 

Nos. 6, 8, 22, 29 and 46 are in the collection of Henrv C. Mill- 
er, Esqr., of New York. No. 59 belongs to Mr. H. R. Newcomb. 
The others are Mr. Gilbert's. To these three gentlemen I ac- 
knowledge hearty thanks for loan of <oins, hearty co-operation 
and suggestions. 

THOMAS L. ELDER, 

New York, Oct. 7, 1910. 



6- 



THE 1794 CENTS 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

Profile bust of Liberty facing - to the right. The hair is con- 
fined around the head by a narrow ribbon, and falls, in graceful 
curls, behind the shoulder. Behind the head is a Liberty Cap on 
.staff, the end of which projects in a line parallel to front of 
breast, above, the legend, LIBERTY, curving; beneath, the date. 

Rev. A wreath formed of two laurel branches, bearing ber- 
ries, is united at the bottom by a ribbon with double bow, and 
encloses the words ONE CENT. In the exterior angle, formed 
bv the ends of ribbOns ? is the fractional value 1-100; around the 
wreath the legend, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

The border is milled. The edge is inscribed ONE HUN- 
DRED FOR A DOLLAR, in rare instances FOR is omitted. Size, 
18 to 18 h\>, American scale, 27 to 28 millimetres. 

VARIETIES. 

No. 1. 

Obv. Head of 1793. L in legend distant from cap and T 
from head; the date straight, with 1 close to bust, slightly tilt- 
ing to right. 

Rev. Eight berries to left branch, the two upper ones very 
small and close to stem, and eight in right;. in second group, two 
appear on outside in line apparently on same stem, the outer 
weak and feebly denned; first T in STATES close to S, second 
T distant from E, mint dot close to first perpendicular of N in 
CENT. Both A's in AMERICA high; in CENT, C is small aficl 
high and T low. 

No. 2. 

Obv. The profile remarkably fine, the chin double, a broad 
lower lock terminates in a short inward bending point; both 
legend and date are nearer to milling than to bust. In LIBER- 
TY, B and TY are high; date curved and 9' large. 

Rev. Same as No. 1. 



-1— 



No. 3. 

Obv. Same as No. 2. 

Rev. Wreath stems cross at right of ribbon knot. The stem 
of the left branch appears to pass around the knot of ribbon 
rather than through it, showing- a portion of the field about the 
knot; eight berries to left and seven to right branch. STATES 
t-paced as in the last, but STA is on a higher plane than TES. In 
AMERICA, A M E widely spaced, last A is high; in ONE low; 
in CENT C is high and T low. 

No. 4. 

Obv. Head resembles that of No. 1; the staff. closer to bust, 
broadening toward end; LIBERTY near milling, with L and T 
distant from cap and head; the date wide, straight, and equidis r 
tant from bust and milling, with 1 distant from hair, 9 large, 4 
distant from bust, too small, and slightly tilted to right. 

Rev. Same as No. 3. 

No. 5. 

Obv. The hair terminates in eight locks, the staff flat, and 
expanding toward the end; farther from bust than in No. 4; 
LIBERTY large and wide; R T Y widely spaced; milling want- 
ing, slight or imperfect. 

Rev. Same as No. 1. 

No. 6. 

Obv. Two coarse locks below the cap end abruptly; slender 
staff extends nearly to milling. In LIBERTY, R is much closer 
to hair than L is to cap; date curved, 79 close; sharp 4 nearly 
touches bust. 

Rev. Six berries to each branch, ribbon bow out of position, 
higher on left side than right, and distant above knot, stems 
short, and point to stand of A and curve of U. In STATES, A 
i scloser to first than to second T; in fraction the dividing line is 
short and not parallel with top of 100. 

No. 7. 

Obv. Same as No. 6, but is usually found in this combination 
with a crack from border, through the upright of E extending 
in a straight line nearly to centre of hair. 



— ' — Q 



Rev. Nine berries on left, one between and near base of low- 
er leaves on outside, another touching top of first inside leaf ; six 
on right branch — the lowest one is imperfect and blends with 
top of leaf; top leaves of branches touch. The end of right rib- 
bon long and perpendicular, nearly reaching the lower part of 
last in fraction; the left section of bow imperfect in its lower 
part; left stem short and close to ribbon — right one long and 
widely separated from it ; U and N of UNITED almost touch at 
the top, E slightly out of position, D is low; in STATES first T 
is low and distant from S; T E S widely spaced. 

No. 7a. 

Obverse and reverse same as No. 7, but the edge reading 
"One Hundred A Dollar." 

No. 8. 

Obv. Same as No. 6. 

Rev. Lettering small and regular; dividing line in fraction- 
al value short, the denominator close to milling. The great and 
distinguishing feature of this variety is a circle of ninety-four 
minute stars at or between the points of milling. 

No. 9. 

Obv. The hair terminates in seven locks, the lower one dis- 
tinct and heavy, in the upper part bulging over the back part of 
neck in a peculiar manner not found on any other die. In LIB- 
ERTY, L is close to cap, I B widely spaced and RT nearer to 
head than to milling In date 1 is distant from 7, but its top is 
not so close to lower lock as' in No. 6, the point of sharp 4 just 
Touches the bust. 

Rev. Same as No. 7. 

No. 10. 

Obv. The hair terminates in seven locks ; the lower one curv- 
es inward and the others are long, waving, slender and irregular 
in position. LIBERTY is slightly nearer cap and head than 
milling. Tall, curved date regularly spaced, 1 almost touches 
hair and 4 nearly touches bust. This obverse is found with a 
crack in die extending in a nearly horizontal line from border 
through second lock of hair from bottom; another slight crack 



extends upwards between 1 and 7 of date, and one connecting 
with this at 7, curves across point of bust to end of pole. 
Rev. Same as No. 7. 

No. 11. 

Obv. The seven termini of hair are rather thick; the three 
upper ones widely spaced. L in LIBERTY near cap, and bot- 
tom of R, about same distance from hair. In date 1 is near the 
lower Jock and sharp -f nearly touches bust; the stem of 7 long 
and slanting - toward 1. This obverse is found with a crack in 
die, from milling to hair just below the cap. 

Rev. Same as No. 7. 

No. 12. 

Obv. Same as No. 11; generally found with the break in die. 

Rev. Nine berries to left branch, the three near top micro- 
scopic and stemless, and seven to right. Right ribbon approach- 
es short dividing line, and then turns to right forming angle, left 
ribbon diverges to left, the knot of ribbon bow is double. In N 
of ONE the connecting line of the perpendiculars is prolonged 
at its lower extremity. In STATES the first T and A are joined 
at bottom, and first A in AMERICA is distant from M. 

No. 13. 

Obv. Same as No 12. 

Rev. Berries large; six to left and five to right branch, the 
upper one without stem. The branch stem on right points di- 
rectly to stand of A, and does not connect with ribbon. In 
STxVTES first T and A are both out of position— T and A high, 
leaning to left and distant from second T. In AMERICA M is 
slightly low and distant from E. Knot to ribbon bow is double, 
and lower end of right ribbon is detached. 

No. 14. 

Obv. Bust pyramidial, the hair locks short, the fifth from 
bottom fine and separated from mass of hair. In LIBERTY R 
is nearer to hair than L to cap; date tall and close; 4 farther from 
bnst than 1 from hair. 

Rev. Seven berries to each branch; the lower one on left side 
touches bow, right ribbon diverges and is distant from fraction- 



10- 



al line. In STATES first S and A are slightly high and first T 
out of position, top leans toward S; A in AMERICA small, high 
and slightly out of position to left. 

No. 15. 

Obv. Bust low; hair ends in seven locks; end of pole touch- 
es milling; R in LIBERTY is high; date widely spaced and close 
to milling; 1 nearly touches hair and 4 is distant from bust. 

Rev. Seven berries to each branch; right ribbon extends 
nearly to centre of stand of A. All letters evenly spaced but C 
in CENT is too small. This reverse is found with a crack in die 
from milling under end of left ribbon merging 1 of 100 with the 
fractional line and extending through last A in AMERICA to 
milling. 

No. 16. 

Obv. Same as No. 15. 

Rev. I^ix berries to left branch and seven on right; end of 
right ribbon distant from A and left equally distant from U of 
UNITED and 1 of 100; first T in STATES a trifle high, C in 
CENT shorter than E, and T lower than N. This reverse is 
found with a slender crack in die through UNIT of UNITED. 

No. 17. 

Obv. A human-ear-shaped depression in the hair, below the 
oar at back of the neck, is peculiar to this variety; the lower 
curl ends with a sharp inward curve; L and R of LIBERTY are 
equally distant from cap and head; date is wide, 1 near to hair, 
4 close to bust. This obverse is slightly cracked from L in LIB- 
ERTY through bust to milling near 4 in date. 

Rev. Six berries to left and seven to right branch; C in CENT 
too small; both A's in AMERICA high, the first one slightly out 
of position to left and distant from M; numerator of fraction is 
tall and touches dividing line to left of centre. 

No. 18. 

Obv. Upper locks short and coarse, lower ones fine; LIBER- 
TY widely spaced with L far from cap and R from hair; the date 
is small and distant from hair and bust, the 4 is short. The die 



-11 



cracked from near Y to nosi and diagonal break extends along 
the cap through the head near ear to end of pole and milling'. 
Rev. Same as No 17. 

No. 19. 

Obv. Two short locks abruptly terminate in truncated angle 
just below the pole of cap; next lower one is separated from 
hair, the others- long and wavy. LIBERTY and date both close 
to milling, the former distant from cap and head, and the latter 
with 1 and 4 distant from central figures. 

fctev. Small wreath bearing seven dot-like berries on each 
side. In CENT, C is small, the centre dot touches first perpen- 
dicular of N; the wreath stems are short. This reverse is found 
with a double break, one from milling between A and T of 
STATES curves into () of ONE, the other passes through I) of 
UNITED to top of C in CENT, then curves into N of ONE. 

No. 20. 

Obv. Same as No. 19. 

Rev. Six berries on each branch; C in CENT small, bows 
distant above knot; first and last A in AMERICA distant from 
M and C; stems to wreath and fractional line longer than same 
in reverse of 19, left bow is distant from lower berries. 

No. 21. 

Obv. The hair is very scant and terminates in thin broken 
locks. LIBERTY large and close to milling, distant from cap 
and head; date large, wide and curved, with 1 and 4 about equal- 
ly distant from hair, bust and milling; pole distant from bust. 

Rev. Wreath has five berries to left and six to right branch; 
in AMERICA A is distant from M and I from C; all other letters 
in legend correctly spaced; dividing line of fraction long. This 
reverse is usually found with breaks in die from milling through 
first S in STATES to E in CENT, from milling through E in 
STATES to top of left wreath, another faintly visible from E in 
ONE touching T in CENT to berry on right wreath; there is al- 
to a short break to left of O in OF. 

No. 22. 

Obv. Same as No. 21. 

Rev. Centre dot on first stand of N in CENT; eight berries 



—12- 



to left half of wreath, of which two dot-like ones touch the stem 
of upper leaf; the two lower ones are entirely under left ribbon 
bow and nearer the knot than usual; on right branch there are 
seven berries, the top one without a stem; dividing line of frac- 
tion very short. E and R in AMERICA are close, all other let- 
ters are correctly spaced. 

No. 23. 

Ob v. The hair terminates in eight locks, the lower one point- 
ing directly to top of 1 in date; the 9 is large, the 4 small and 
distant from bust. LIBERTY well spaced, near milling; L and 
R distant from cap and head. This obverse is found with and 
without the bases of letters indented. 

Rev. Berries small, six to each branch, the upper one on left 
branch very small, attached to stem of upper leaf, distinctly seen 
with a good glass. I in UNITED low and second T in STATES 
low and distant fro mE. In AMERICA, A M E and R I C wide- 
ly spaced with C low and the point of its bottom curve almost 
touching A. The 1 in fraction is short and distant from long 
slender dividing line. 

No. 24. 

Obv. Same as No. 23, except found with slight break from 
cap to lower lock, and bases of letters in LIBERTY are indented. 

Rev. Wreath distorted, ten berries on left branch and eight 
on right; the lower outside one on left has a long stem; in second 
group on right three berries are in line, the outer one disconnect- 
ed from stem. Bow out of position to left; right ribbon very 
lang and almost severed near middle. In UNITED STATES let- 
ters are grouped in pairs, thus: UN IT ED ST AT ES; in 
AMERICA A M E widely spaced and R which is close to E has 
an unusually long tail which joins base of I; bases of letters are 
indented. This die is found with crack from milling through R 
to wreath. 

No. 25. 

Obv. The hair terminates in seven locks, the lower one point- 
ing directly to top of 1 in date which is large and wide, with 4 
nearer to bust than in No. 23. Letters in LIBERTY well spaced 
and indented at base, L and R though distant from cap and head 



13— 



are a trifle nearer than in No. 23. Horizontal break in die from 
milling on right to point of chin and from hair below cap to mill- 
ing on left. 

Rev. Same as No. 23, except that all letters are indented. 

No. 26. 

Obv. The hair terminates in eight long locks of which the 
fifth from bottom is double; the lower one points to top of I; 
date is large, widely spaced and close to milling; LIBERTY near 
milling, L and R distant from cap and head; slight break in 
milling over LI. 

Rev. Six berries to each branch of wreath; the upper one on 
left marred by break in die, and third from bottom on long* stem, 
with leaf showing over stem, between berry and branch. The 
ribbon bow lies close to stems of wreath, right stem points di- 
rectly to stand of A. This reverse is generally found cracked 
from milling through S of STATES to left branch of wreath 
and the die also appears to have been injured, leaving many 
slight marks or incisions about the left wreath and top of the 
right one. 

No. 27. 

Obv. Same as No. 26. 

Rev. Six berries to each branch; right stem short and point- 
ing directly to stand of A. In STATES, A is slightly high; all 
ether letters well spaced and placed. Six breaks in die from mill- 
ing pointing to centre somewhat mar wreath; the first on left 
•ribbon end, the second through I of UNITED, the third between 
1/NITtil) and STATES, the fourth between A and second T of 
STATES the fifth through A of AMERICA, the sixth a prolon- 
gation of right ribbon end. The knot of ribbon bow large and 
dividing line of fraction short. The attention of collectors was 
first called to this reverse in 1888 by W. W. Hays. Two other 
specimens have since been found by him. 

No. 28. 

Obv. Same as No. 2(i, but an additional break is shown in 
die from L, curving behind top of cap to milling. 

Rev. Five berries to left branch, only a single one of which 
is at side of left bow which is higher than the right; six on right 
branch; bow joins at left of the knot, long fractional line,- num- 
erator 1 highi T in CENT low. 



No. 29. 

Obv. Hair terminates in seven slender locks; LIBE on a low- 
er plane than KTY; date wide and low, the 9 merging into the 
milling; the die shows breaks, from milling, touching E to cen- 
tre of hair, from left through cap to hair, also a slight one across 
the hair midway between the two described. 

Rev. Same as No. 28. 

No. 30. 

Obv. Bust low, seven coarse locks to hair; LIBERTY near 
milling, R T widely spaced far from head; date wide and near 
milling with top of 4 close to bust. 

Rev. Same as No. 28. 

No. 31. 

Obv. Same as No. 30. 

Rev. Six berries to left branch with only a single one oppo- 
site left bow; seven berries on right; bows are symmetrical in 
shape and in proper position, joining knot directly under their 
centre; 100 in fraction distant from dividing line; T A T in 
STATES and C A in AMERICA are widely spaced; tops of 
branches close together. 

No. 32. 

Obv. More held shown between cap and hair than usual; 
LIBERTY touches milling, the L further from cap than in any 
other variety; I B and E R widely spaced, BE close. In date 
17 9 are large and widely spaced, 4 close to 9 and low. 

Rev. Six berries on left branch and five on right; D in UNIT- 
ED is a trifle low. In AMERICA, the uprights of M are defec- 
tive at top and R has a long tail. Fractional line is very long 
and connects with end of perpendicular right ribbon. 

No. 33. 

Obv. Bust short, without the curved line at bottom where it 
joins the lower lock. Hair thick and in wavy lines with lower 
locks decidedly shorter than in previously described varieties; 
LIBERTY equally distant from head and milling, with L furth- 
er from cap than R from head and a light hyphen-like break be- 



—15- 



tween T and Y. Date is tall. and close, 1 nearly touching hair 
and 4 bust. Break in die from milling at top of cap along the 
edge and curying from lower point through field, lower locks 
and 17 of date to milling. 

Rev. Seven berries to left and six to right branch. In CENT, 
T is low, its stand is very close to top of first leaf on inside of 
right branch. Both A's in AMERICA widely spaced from adja- 
cent letters; dividing line in fraction long. A break in die ex- 
tends from milling between STATES and OF through branch to 
N in ONE. 

No. 34. 

Obv. Same as No, 33; found with and without break in die. 

Rev. Six berries to each branch. Centre dot on first stand 
of N in CENT close under projection of top; first T in STATES 
slightly tilts to left; T in CENT not so near top of leaf as in 33. 
This reverse is found with a crack in die from milling, dividing 
U in UNITED, curving through branch at left of C in CENT to 
leaf above it. 

No. 35. 

Obv. Broad head with coarse curls; fifth hair from bottom 
severed from lock; the chin small and pointed; LIBERTY and 
date distant from milling, while cap touches it; L distant from 
cap and R near head. In date, 1 touches haid and is distant from 
7, other figures are close; top of 4 almost touches bust; defect in 
die at point of junction of cap and hair. 

. Rev. Six berries to left and five to right branch; A T in 
STATES, A M, R I and C A in AMERICA are widely spaced; T 
in CENT low with imperfect double leaf below it; ribbon bow 
upright but joins knot to left, right ribbon detached from knot ; 
dividing line in fraction short. A defect is found in this die un- 
der top of left wreath similar to that found in No. 26. 

No. 36. 

Obv. Same as No. 35. 

Rev. Seven berries to each half of wreath; mint or centre 
dot on upper angle of N in CENT and perfect double loaf under 
T; in fraction, 1 in 100 distant from short dividing line, and last 
high; die is defective in UNITED, scollop work showing under 
the letters. 



-16 



No. 37. 

Obv. Heavy liair with eight locks, the lower one double, ter- 
minating in two curved ends, of which the inner one emerges 
from the outer or upper one and points directly to base of 1 in 
date, the single hair on the end of upper lock inclines downward 
to left in a line parallel with the lower edge of cap, the upper 
edge of which deflects downward, breaking the curve when ap- 
proaching the hair; LIBERTY and date distant from milling; L 
a trifle further from cap than R from hair. In date, 1 is very 
near or touches hair, 7 small, 4 near bust. This obverse is found 
with a small break in field opposite ends of fifth and sixth locks, 
counting from bottom. 



Rev. Same as No. 24. 



No No. 38 known. 



No. 38. 



No. 39. 

Obv. Hair longer and more abundant than in 37. The lower 
lock double as in 37 and 38, but differing from them in the direc- 
tion taken by the curved point of the lower lock in the double 
one; in this it points directly to the middle of the stand of 1 in 
date, while in 37 and 38 it points to the base of same figure. Ex- 
cept as above noted, this obverse closely resembles those of 37 
and 38. 

This is found with two small angular breaks in field to left 
of hair; the inner one club-shaped, pointing to cap. 

Rev. Same as 38. 

No. 40. 

Obv. Head resembles 39, but LIBERTY and date are closer 
to milling, the lower lock not double, its curve points to centre 
of 1 in date. A break in die is found to left of hair, similar to 
that in No. 39, but it is a trifle nearer to the cap; another slight 
break appears faintly between this and milling. 

Rev. ONE CENT high in wreath, seven berries on left, and 
six on right branch; stems short; bow close to knot and ends of 
ribbon approach letters of legend; dividing line is very short; 
deep, saw-tooth milling. 



-17- 



No. 41, 

Obv. Same as No. 50, but slight outer break is plainer. 

Rev. Six berries to left and seven to right branch. There is 
but one berry near the left ribbon bow; the ends of ribbon are 
about equally distant from letters of legend and fraction; A in 
STATES more distant from first than second T; except RI, let- 
ters in AMERICA widely spaced. This variety was discovered 
by W.W.Hays, in 1889.* 

No. 42. 

Obv. Same as No. 40, but the slight outer break has devel- 
oped. 

Rev. Seven berries to each branch; bow small and distant 
above knot; ends of libbon much nearer to fraction than to let- 
ters of legend; first T in STATES a trifle high and leans to left; 
breaks in die from milling to wreath between U and N and from 
milling along the upright of D in UNITED; also slight break 
from left stem through wreath, past C in CENT to second inside 
leaf of left branch. Numerator of fraction nearer dividing line 
than the denominator, in which first is low. 

No. 43. 

Obv. Planchet generally large, though sometimes found 
small; points on upper locks of hair quite short; cap distant from 
milling. LIBERTY about equally distant from milling and hair; 
date curved in line with milling and midway between it and bust. 

Rev. Eight berries to left and seven to right branch; left rib- 
bon a trifle longer than the right and defective where it joins the 
knot; in fraction, dividing line is long, and in 100, 1 is small and 
last large and high. 

No. 44. 

Obv. Heavy lower lock terminates in slender curve pointing 
to top of 1 in date, which is widely spaced from 7; LIBERTY 
nearer to milling than to cap or hair, the T slightly out of posi- 
tion. The distinguishing feature of this obverse is a slight break 
in the die extending from milling to end of pole, giving it the ap- 
pearance of being split. 

Rev. Six berries to left and seven to right branch, D in 



-18— 



UNITED out of position and low. In AMERICA, A and M are 
too large, the right stand of former being double cut on upper 
half; E is small and low; in GENT, C is small and low; stems 
long; ends of ribbon much nearer to the fraction than to the let- 
ters of legend, dividing line short. 

No. 45. 

Obv. Hair ends in seven locks; LIBERTY distant from mill- 
ing, with R a trifle nearer to head than L to cap; date symmetri- 
cal and well-proportioned, with 1 touching hair and top of 4 very 
close to bust. Milling on left half of circumference deep and 
serrated, protecting cap and hair from abrasion; the remainder 
usually light or wanting. This obverse is usually found with a 
slight crack in die from milling to bust through 9 of date. 

Rev. Berries large; seven to left — the fifth one very small — 
i.nd six to right branch; stems very short. In UNITED, D is 
slightly low and out of position; in STATES, second T low and 
distant from E; in CENT, C small and NT large and low. Rib- 
Uon bow high and to left of knot. A break in die extends from 
milling to wreath, touching left of last S in STATES. 

No. 46. 

Obv. Same as No. 45. 

Rev. Seven berries to each branch of wreath; ribbon bow 
small and distant above large knot; A T E in STATES and A M 
E in AMERICA widely spaced; dividing line of fraction want- 
ing. A break in die extends from milling through D in UNIT- 
ED. to left wreath. 

No. 47. 

Obv. The hair flows back in heavy, separated curls, portions 
of the field showing between the lower ones; LIBERTY distant 
from milling, L and R rather near cap and hair, E too small; 1 
in date is very near or touches hair, and 4 the bust; the 7 a trifle 
low, giving stem the appearance of being too long. 

Rev. Seven berries to left and six to right branch. Ribbon 
bow high, the berries at its left close. In fraction, dividing line 
short, middle figure in 100 too low. This reverse shows numer- 
ous small breaks in die as follows : From T in UNITED and first 
T in STATES to wreath; also through in ONE and C and E in 



—19— 



CENT, diagonally through ribbon bow and right branch; also in 
each ribbon bow there are slight elevations and another between 
end of right ribbon and milling. 

No. 48. 

Obv. Same as No. 47, but always found with break in die 
through lower lock along lower edge of bust to top of 4, thence 
diagonally upward connecting with break from hair below the 
car, across the bust parallel with pole to milling; also one from 
milling up through 4 to bust. 

Rev. Berries large, six to each branch. Ribbon bow distant 
above knot, two berries at left further from bow than in 47 ; right 
stem shorter than left. Legend in heavy letters, quite regular, 
except R in AMERICA, which is high. Heavy short break in 
die on E of CENT, extending to second stand of N in ONE. 

No. 49. 

Obv. Depression in the hair opposite the centre of cap not 
seen in any other variety. Lower lock is unusually wide; the 
single hair terminating the fifth lock from the bottom is detach- 
ed. In date, 1 distant from 7, close to hair, the 4 tall. LIBER- 
TY is distant from milling, with L twice the distance from cap 
that R is from hair. Heavy, oblong break in die over milling 
and field on left. 

Rev. Same as No. 36. 

No. 50. 

Obv. Head of 1795. Hair terminates in live coarse locks, 
the lower one curling inward until it almost forms a circle. In 
LIBERTY, L is far fro mcap, R near hair, stand of T is opposite 
the forehead at its junction with hair. The date is large, wide 
and well spaced, equally distant from bust and milling. 

Rev. Same as No. 44, but shows break in die from milling 
through first T in STATES, diagonally passing through E in 
CENT and last A in AMERICA to milling. 

No. 51. 

Obv. Same as No. 50, but it is almost always found with a 
break in die, extending from milling between T and Y of LIB- 
ERTY to forehead and cheek. 



-20- 



Rev. Six berries to left branch, the lower one close to stem 
of branch and barely formed; seven to right branch; ends of 
wreath stems long and club-shaped. In fraction, numerator 1 
touches short fractional line, 1 in 100 is tall; in UNITED, D is 
quite low; in STATES, first S is higb, first T out of position, and 
last S low; AMERICA is well spaced, but E is small and C low, 
leaning" to right. 

No. 52. 

Obv. Very similar to No. 50 in expression of face and shape 
of head, but differs in other points as follows: The terminating 
curl of lower lock is lighter and forms a larger circle; in LIBER- 
TY, L is nearer the cap, and base of T is over the hair rather 
than forehead; the pole is not so heavy, but longer, extending a 
trifle beyond the point of bust. 

Rev. Same as No. 51. It i salso found with a heavy break in 
die, extending from T in UNITED to C in AMERICA, and an- 
other from milling between and F diagonally to U in UNITED. 

No. 53. 

Does not exist. 

No. 54. 

Obv. Closely resembles No. 52, but LIBERTY is nearer mill- 
ing, the letters are heavier, with L a trifle further from the cap 
iind T closer to hair. In date, which is widely spaced, 1 is closer 
to the terminating curl of lower lock and 7 is higher with regard 
to the other figures than in No. 52. 

Rev. Same as No. 44. 

No. 55. 

Obv. Head very similar to preceding. L in LIBERTY is 
close to cap, base of T close to head and entirely over the hair; 
date compact and symmetrical, with 1 distant from curl of low- 
er lock and 4 close to bust. There is a break in die from milling 
below the cap across the bust, touching ear, and through nose to 
border. This variety has not heretofore been described. 

Rev. Same as No. 44. 



-21- 



No. 56. 

Obv. Exact head of 1795. The end of short lower lock points 
to base of 1 in date, not curling into a circle as in the preceding- 
six varieties. In LIBERTY, L touches cap and T rests on hair. 
In wide date, markedly so between 7 and 9, 1 is close to milling, 
while 4 is' midway between bust and milling. Break in die from 
milling through top of Y diagonally to base of T at junction of 
hair and forehead. 

Rev. Six berries to left and seven to right branch; top leaves 
almost joining. The stem on left passes through knot of ribbon 
at a sharper angle than the one on right; short fractional line; 
first in 100 low; first S and T in STATES too close; in AMER- 
ICA, C is low; all letters in CENT a trifle out of position. 

No. 57. 

Obv. Similar to No. 10, but RTY hi LIBERTY large, and Y 
nearer T and placed too high; hair does not touch truncation at 
back; lower curl starts from a point near end of bust. 

Rev. Same as No. 10. (The "Gilbert" variety). 

No. 58. 

Obv. Similar to No. 11. End of pole exactly opposite a den- 
tilation, while on No. 11 it points between two dentilations and 
is nearer to them. Top of Liberty cap touches a dentilation. 
RTY in LIBERTY is large, and LIB is widely spaced. 

Rev. Same as Nos. 7, 9, 10 and 11. ("Chapman" variety). 

No. 59. 

Obv. Resembles No. 43. Lowest locks of hair are much like 
those on No. 28. Figure 1 in date widely spaced from 7, and 
front and top of latter is directly benenth the centre of the curve 
of truncation. 

Rev. Same as No. 31. ("Steigerwalt" variety). 



—22— 



TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS. 



Hays 



Maria 



1 l|i 

2 2 

3 52 

4 4 

5 3 

6 45 

7 5 

8 51 

9 6 .. 

10 . 47 

11 7 

12 8 

13 9 

14 10 

15 13 

16 40 

17 12 

18 13 

19 14 

20 46 

21 15 

22 16 

23 17 

24 . 25 

25 41 

26 18 

27 — 

28 19 

29 53 



Hays Maris 

30 . . . . 4 4 

31 43 

o2 20 

33 21 

\-U 22 

35 .. : ; 23 

36 . 24 

37 26 

38 27 

39 29 

40 49 

41 — 

42 30 

43 28 

44 31 

45 ... .. 32 

46 33 

47 34 

48 35 

49 42 

50 50 

51 3'G 

52 37 

53 54 

54 38 

55 — 

56 39 

— 48 



Never have seen M 48. 



HELPFUL HINTS. 



How to Quickly Identify Some of the Varieties of the 1794 Cents. 



Hays #1, 2, 3 and 4 have the head of the Liberty Cap Cent 
of 1793. With straight date it is either #1 or #4. On #4 the 4 
of date is low and slightly tilted to the right. If date is curved 
it is either #2 or #3. and must be identified by the reverse. On 
#3 the diagonal stroke of N in CENT extends at the bottom be- 
yond the upright. 

#5 can easily be recognized by the staff, which is flat and 
broad near the milling. E T Y of LIBERTY widely spaced. 

#8. The only 1794 cent with small stars on reverse. 

. # 9 has faint die break from milling through upper part of 
cap. to head. Have never seen a 9 without this break; nor does 
it exist in this location on any other variety of this year. 

#11 Has crooked 7 in date. Reverse has one berry on out- 
side of the left branch between first and second leaves from the 
bottom. 

#12. Crooked 7. On reverse N of ONE formed same as N 
of CENT on #3. 

#13. Crooked 7. On reverse N of CENT same as on #3. 

#14. Bust pyramidal. 

#17. A human ear-shaped depression in the hair below the 



ear. 



#18. The 4 of date distant from 9, and standless. 

#21 & 22. A period between L and I of LIBERTY. Re- 

—24— 



verse of 21 lias die break through first S of STATES and through 
wreath to C of CENT. 

# 27. Six breaks on reverse from milling pointing to centre. 

#28. Obv. same as 26 & 27, but has a curved die break 
from top of L through apex of cap and to milling. 

#29. R T & Y on a higher plain than the other letters of 
LIBERTY. 

# 82. 4 of date very low. L very far from cap. 

#33. "Short bust." Reverse usually found with break be- 
tween STATES and OF through wreath to N of ONE. 

#34. "Short bust." Reverse has break from milling 
through U and branch to near C of CENT. 

#35 & 36. Obv. same. On reverse of 36 die is defective in 
UNITED, showing scallop work beneath. 

#40. On reverse ONE CENT high in wreath. Ribbon ends 
very wide apart. 

#41. Obv. same as #40. On reverse but one berry near 
the left ribbon bow. 

#44. Obv. 1 of date distant from 7. 

#45 & 46. Obv. same. Reverse of 46 has no dividing line 
in fraction. 

#49. Obv. Heavy break over milling and left field. 

#55. Obverse has break from milling below cap to opposite 
edge of coin above the nose. 



—25 



' ' Reverse ' ' Finding List. 
Arranged to E. Gilbert, Esqr. 



jet't Side 


Right Side 


Berries 


Berries 


ii&& 


---■ U 


8 


7 


6 


6 


9 


6 


9 


- 7 


6 


5 


7 


7 


6 


7 


5 


6 


10 


8 


7 


6 



Hays Numbers 

.1, 2, 5V- '-■ ' 

.3, 4, 22, 43. 

.6, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 34, 39, 48. 

.7, 9, 10, 11, 57, 58. 

.12 

.13. 32, 35. 

.14 15, 19, 36, 42, 46, 49. 

.16, 17, 18, 31, 41, 44, 50, 51, 

52, 54, 55, 56, 59. 
.21 28, 29, 30. 
.24, 87. 

.33, 40, 45, 47. 
8 has 94 stars on reverse. 



Degree of Rarity of the Hays Numbers. 

Arranged by E. Gilbert, Esqr., of New York City. 

Degrees of Earity, 1 to 8. 



.'. •..-..- 



Hays No. Rarity 

1 4 

2 4 

3 5 

4 5 

5 3 

6 5 

7 3 

7a 7 

S 6 

9 7 

10 4 

11 3 

12 3 

13 3 

14 3 

15 .'. 3 

16 3 

17 2 

18 5 

19 2 

20 4 

21 2 

22 3 

23 2 

24 3 

25 6 

26 4 

27 6 

28 5 

29 7 



Hays No. Rarity 

30 8 

31 5 

32 2 

33 2 

34 3 

35 3 

36 3 

37 3 

39 3 

40 7 

41 6 

42 6 

43 2 

44 6 

45 1 

46 . 6 

47 6 

48 5 

49 4 

50 2 

51 2 

52 2 

54 l 

55 7 

56 2 

57 6 

58 6 

59 g 



26 



PRICES REALIZED FOR THE E. GILBERT COLLECTION OF U. S. 

CENTS OF 1794, 

at the Forty-Fourth Puhlic Sale of Thomas L. Elder, New York City, 

October 12th, 1910. 



Hays No. Condition. Price Realized. 

1 "Very fine $35.50 

2 Very fine 29.00 

3 Uncirculated 61.00 

4 .••••' Nearly fine 21.00 

5 Very fine 11.50 

6 About fine 7.50 

7 Perfect die Extremely fine 24.50 

7 Broken die Very good 2.50 

8 Good 20.50 

9 \bout fine 51.00 

10 4bout uncirculated 32.00 

11 Extremely fine 12.50 

12 Extremely fine 12.50 

13 About fine 5.00 

14 Extremely fine 15.00 

15 Pine to Very fine 10.50 

16 Extremely fine 16.00 

17 Uncirculated 15.50 

18 Pine 10.00 

19 \ery fine 51.00 

20 Very fine 13.00 

21 Very fine 12.50 

22 Fine 12.50 

23 Uncirculated 19.00 

24 Uncirculated 57.00 

25 Extremely fine 75.00 

26 Broken die Uncirculated 27.50 

26 Perfect die Good 10.00 

27 Very good 67.00 

28 Very good 21.00 

29 Fine 26.00 

31 About fine 26.00 

32 Uncirculated 11.00 

33 Perfect die Extremely fine 15.00 

33 Broken die Very good 2.50 

34 Broken die Very fine 16.00 

34 Perfect die Fine 15.50 

35 Extremely fine 18.00 

36 Very fine 29.00 

37 Very fine 21.00 

39 Extremely fine 25.00 

39 (Duplicate) Fine 12.50 

40 Extremely fine 101.00 

41 Fine 20.00 

42 Extremely fine 63.00 

43 Fine 3.50 

44 About fine 51.00 

45 Fine 3.25 

46 Fine 20.50 

47 Uncirculated 72.00 

48 Perfect die Very fine 36.00 

48 Slightly broken Very fine 14.50 

48 Badly broken Very good 31.00 

49 Very fine 12.50 

50 Very fine 9.00 

51 Fine 5.00 

51 (Duplicate) Very fine 12.50 

52 Extremely fine 25.00 

52a Very good 2.50 

54 F. to V. Fine 5.00 

54. "One Hundred A Dollar." .... Good 17.50 

55 Fine 25.50 

56 Extremely fine 15.50 

57 ("Gilbert") Fine 51.00 

58 ( "Chapman" I . . Very fine 61.00 



m t \%\\ 



APK 



mt 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 

. 1 



